森林草地转换对景观视觉效果的影响

基于景观保护的视点,定量研究了森林草地转换对景观视觉效果的影响．结果表明,中景域的可视区域比近景域和远景域大,草地建设对中景域景观视觉效果的影响也最大,因此,中景域是重要的景观保护对象．对草地内林地的可视量分析可知,各景域的可视林地多分布在400～600m高海拔上。25°以上的坡度范围内分布偏少．并探讨了草地建成后应采取的景观管理和保护对策,以增加草地景观的视觉效果．     

Long-Term Trends in Faunal Recolonization After Bauxite Mining in the Jarrah Forest of Southwestern Australia

Abstract Fauna serve a key role in many forest ecological processes. Despite this, few studies have considered long‐term faunal recolonization after mining and rehabilitation of forest ecosystems. In the jarrah forest of southwestern Australia, permanent fauna monitoring sites have been established in bauxite mined areas rehabilitated in 1990 and in a range of representative unmined forest control sites. At each site mammals, birds, reptiles, and ants were surveyed in 1992, 1995, and 1998. The aims of the monitoring were to develop a better understanding of faunal recolonization trends, to produce recommendations for promoting fauna return, and to consider which techniques and fauna groups are best suited for monitoring recolonization. The results showed that successional trends varied between fauna groups. Generalist foraging mammals recolonized rapidly, whereas small predators took longer. Feral mice were initially abundant and then declined. Birds gradually recolonized, and after 8 years bird communities were very similar to those in unmined forest sites. Reptile species took longer, and after 8 years numbers of species remained lower than in unmined forests. Species richness and diversity of ants in 8‐year‐old rehabilitation were comparable with those of unmined forest in some rehabilitated sites but were lower in others. The composition of ant communities was still different from that of unmined sites. Ant species that only use disturbed forest declined rapidly in abundance as rehabilitation aged. The results suggest that although the rates of faunal recolonization will vary, with time most or all mammal, bird, reptile, and ant species should inhabit rehabilitated bauxite mines. The densities of many are likely to be similar to those in unmined forest, but for others it is too early to know whether this will be the case. Techniques for promoting fauna return are discussed. This study demonstrates that no single fauna group is suitable for use as an overall “indicator” of faunal recolonization; different fauna species and groups reflect different aspects of faunal succession.     

Comparison of Organic and Chemical Soil Amendments Used in the Reforestation of a Harsh Sierra Nevada Site

Abstract A comparison of a composted organic amendment, a controlled‐release fertilizer, and induced mycorrhizal inoculation as affecting the establishment and nutrition of bareroot Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi Grev. & Balf.) was conducted on a Sierra Nevada surface mine. The soil amendments were applied at outplanting to the backfill of augered planting holes, with a low rate of 8 g and a high rate of 16 g per seedling for the fertilizer, Gromax 21‐6‐2 + Minors, whereas a single rate of 2.0 L was used for organic matter. Colonization by Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker & Couch was induced by coating the root systems with basidiospores suspended in a gel carrier. The organic amendment especially, but also mycorrhizal inoculation, caused substantial seedling mortality, whereas survival was unaffected by controlled‐release fertilization. Gromax applied at the high rate produced a 74% increase in shoot volume after three growing seasons, whereas the organic amendment reduced volume by 28%. Growth was unaffected by mycorrhizal treatment. The growth response to the 16‐g Gromax application probably reflected enhanced N, P, and K nutrition and decreased concentrations of potentially toxic metallic elements, including Mn and Al among others, as revealed through foliar analysis. Because they were accompanied by growth reduction, nutritional responses to the organic amendment, which involved both macronutrients and trace elements, were of little consequence. Impaired water relations may account for the poor response to this amendment. Likewise, nutritional responses to mycorrhizal inoculation produced no discernible benefit in terms of seedling performance. An inoculation procedure that failed to induce substantially greater P. tinctorius colonization in inoculated than uninoculated seedlings, and that may have also impaired water relations, likely explains this result. Overall, these findings indicate that further research is needed before either the organic amendment or the mycorrhizal inoculation procedure used here can be used in forest restoration efforts on dry sites.     

Central Amazon Floodplain Forests: Root Adaptations to Prolonged Flooding

The floodplains of Central Amazonia represent a complex system of inundated river valleys and shallow lakes along the Solimões–Amazonas river, which is subjected to an annual flood-pulse lasting up to 10 months. Such flooding reaching an amplitude of about ten meters causes dramatic changes in the bioavailability of nutrients and oxygen levels and poses extreme constraints for plant survival and reproductivity. Tree species of inundation forests in Central Amazonia had to evolve adaptive mechanisms to both desiccation of soils and partial or full submergence. To adapt to flooded conditions, some trees overcome the flood period by dormancy accompanied by defoliation and formation of annual rings in the wood. Other species maintain metabolism and retain the foliage during the flooding, representing another adaptive mechanism to low oxygen availability. This investigation focused on the root physiology and morphology of six species typical of white-water inundation areas (várzea) led to a preliminary classification of adaptive strategies of trees inhabiting forest communities in floodplains of the Amazon basin.     

P-糖蛋白的表达及其结合肽的筛选

为获得P 糖蛋白胞外段 ,构建了高效表达载体pGEX Pgp ,转化大肠杆菌DH5α ,进行表达、鉴定及纯化 ,以获得的融合蛋白为靶蛋白 ,筛选噬菌体随机 12肽库 ,免疫细胞化学方法进行鉴定 .SDS PAGE分析 ,表达出约 30kD大小的蛋白 ;从噬菌体随机肽库中筛选获得了与P 糖蛋白特异性结合的噬菌体阳性克隆 ,测序获得了其特异性结合肽序列 :NDGLLFTWQPSP .免疫细胞化学结果显示 :筛选得到的噬菌体阳性克隆可与耐药细胞BIU 87 ADM结合 ,而与敏感细胞BIU 87不结合 .结果表明 ,筛选获得的结合肽可与耐药的肿瘤细胞结合 ,表现出一定的肿瘤特异性 .P 糖蛋白结合肽的筛选 ,为进行人膀胱癌多药耐药的靶向治疗等工作奠定了基础 .     

Interruption of aggregation pheromone in Ips typographus (L.) (Col. Scolytidae) by non-host bark volatiles

Abstract 1 The antennally active nonhost bark volatiles (NHVs): trans‐conophthorin (tC), C₆‐alcohols (green leaf volatiles; GLVs) and C₈‐alcohols, were tested for their ability to reduce attraction of the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus (L) (Col. Scolytidae) to its pheromone sources in both laboratory walking bioassy and field trapping experiments. 2 In the walking bioassay with I. typographus females, individual NHVs such as tC, 3‐octanol and 1‐octen‐3‐ol, and the unsuitable host signal, verbenone (Vn), were inactive at the doses tested. However, the blend of C₆‐alcohols (3GLVs) and all the binary, ternary, or quarternary blends significantly reduced the female attraction to the pheromone sources. 3 In the field trapping experiments, individual NHV signals (tC, C6‐alcohols and C₈‐alcohols) all reduced catch of I. typographus in pheromone‐baited traps, with their inhibitory effects similar to that of the known inhibitor, Vn. The binary, ternary or quarternary combinations of these NHV signals or Vn, all caused significantly stronger reductions in trap catches than the individual signals. The blends showed similar levels of interruption, except the binary blend of C₈‐alcohols (2C8OH) and Vn. 4 Difference in trapping mechanism between pipe traps (attraction and landing) and Lindgren funnel traps (attraction) did not affect the pattern of inhibition of these active NHV signals and Vn. 5 These behaviourally active nonhost volatiles and Vn might be used effectively to protect spruce trees or stands against attacks by I. typographus.     

Selection of trkB-binding peptides from a phage-displayed random peptide library

Brain-derivedneurotrophicfactor(BDNF),originallypurifiedfrompigbrainbyBarderetal.[1]in1982,belongstothefamilyofneurotrophins(NTs)aswellasnervegrowthfactor(NGF),neurotrophin-3(NT-3),NT-4/5.Itisabletopromotesurvivalanddifferentiationofseveralpopu-lationsofneurons,includingmesencephalicdopaminergicneurons,motorneurons,andcholiner-gicneurons,andtoprotectthemagainstneurotoxicityandischemia.BDNFplaysanimportantroleinregulatingneuronsurvivalanddifferentiationduringdevelopmentandinmaintainingthe…     

Effects of forest fragmentation on European birds: implications of regional differences in species richness

Aim In this paper, we adopted a large‐scale approach to evaluate the effect of regional richness of forest birds on the number of bird species retained by forest fragments in several localities across Europe. Location We studied bird assemblages in fourteen forest archipelagos embedded in agricultural matrices from southern Norway to central Spain. Tree composition varied from oak and beech forests of the northern localities to oak and pine xerophitic woodlands of the southern ones. The number of fragments in each forest archipelago ranged from eighteen to 211. Methods We used the Gleason equation (s = a + z log A; where s and A are, respectively, the species richness and size of forest fragments and z the rate of species loss) to estimate the species richness for 1‐ and 15‐ha fragments in each archipelago. The regional richness of forest birds was estimated by modelling the geographical distribution of species richness in the European atlas of breeding birds. Results The latitudinal distribution of regional richness displayed a convex form, with the highest values being in central Europe. Along this gradient, the number of species retained by fragments and the rate of species loss was positively related to regional richness. In addition, the percentage of the regional pool of species sampled by fragments decreased in the southern localities. Main conclusions Relationships between regional richness of forest birds and richness in fragments seem to explain why fragments in central Europe shelter more species than their southern counterparts. The decreased ability of southern forest fragments to sample the regional richness of forest birds, could be explained as an effect of the low abundance of many species in the Mediterranean, which could depress their ability to prevent extinction in fragments by a rescue effect. Alternatively, high beta diversity in the Mediterranean could produce undersampling by fragments of the regional pool of species. These regional differences in the response of bird assemblages to forest fragmentation are used to discuss the usefulness of large‐scale, biogeographical approaches in the design of conservation guidelines.     

The pristine rain forest? Remnants of historical human impacts on current tree species composition and diversity

Abstract Aim Tropical rain forests are often regarded as pristine and undisturbed by humans. In Central Africa, community‐wide disturbances by natural causes are rare and therefore current theory predicts that natural gap phase dynamics structure tree species composition and diversity. However, the dominant tree species in many African forests recruit poorly, despite the presence of gaps. To explain this, we studied the disturbance history of a species‐rich and structurally complex rain forest. Location Lowland rain forest in Southern Cameroon. Methods We identified the recruitment conditions of trees in different diameter classes in 16 ha of species‐rich and structurally complex ‘old growth’ rain forest. For the identification of recruitment preference we used independent data on the species composition along a disturbance gradient, ranging from shifting cultivation fields (representing large‐scale disturbance), to canopy gaps and old growth forest. Results In nine of sixteen 1‐ha forest plots the older trees preferred shifting cultivation fields for recruitment while younger trees preferred gaps and closed forest conditions. This indicates that these nine sites once experienced large‐scale disturbances. Three lines of evidence suggest that historical agricultural use is the most likely disturbance factor: (1) size of disturbed and undisturbed patches, (2) distribution of charcoal and (3) historical accounts of human population densities. Main conclusions Present‐day tree species composition of a structurally complex and species‐rich Central African rain forest still echoes historical disturbances, most probably caused by human land use between three to four centuries ago. Human impact on African rain forest is therefore, contrary to common belief, an issue not of the last decades only. Insights in historical use will help to get a more balanced view of the ‘pristine rain forest’, acknowledging that the dualism between ‘old growth’ and ‘secondary’ forest may be less clear than previously thought.